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1 Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

b. c. 23 AD Como, Italy

d. 25 August 79 AD near Pompeii, Italy

[br]

Roman encyclopedic writer on the natural world.

[br]

Pliny was well educated in Rome, and for ten years or so followed a military career with which he was able to combine literary work, writing especially on historical subjects. He completed his duties c. 57 AD and concentrated on writing until he resumed his official career in 69 AD with administrative duties. During this last phase he began work on his only extant work, the thirty-seven "books" of his Historia Naturalis (Natural History), each dealing with a broad subject such as astronomy, geography, mineralogy, etc. His last post was the command of the fleet based at Misenum, which came to an end when he sailed too near Vesuvius during the eruption that engulfed Pompeii and he was overcome by the fumes.

Pliny developed an insatiable curiosity about the natural world. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans made few original contributions to scientific thought and observation, but some made careful compilations of the learning and observations of Greek scholars. The most notable and influential of these was the Historia Naturalis. To the ideas about the natural world gleaned from earlier Greek authors, he added information about natural history, mineral resources, crafts and some technological processes, such as the extraction of metals from their ores, reported to him from the corners of the Empire. He added a few observations of his own, noted during travels on his official duties. Not all the reports were reliable, and the work often presents a tangled web of fact and fable. Gibbon described it as an immense register in which the author has "deposited the discoveries, the arts, and the errors of mankind". Pliny was indefatigable in his relentless note-taking, even dictating to his secretary while dining.

During the Dark Ages and early Middle Ages in Western Europe, Pliny's Historia Naturalis was the largest known collection of facts about the natural world and was drawn upon freely by a succession of later writers. Its influence survived the influx into Western Europe, from the twelfth century, of translations of the works of Greek and Arab scholars. After the invention of printing in the middle of the fifteenth century, Pliny was the first work on a scientific subject to be printed, in 1469. Many editions followed and it may still be consulted with profit for its insights into technical knowledge and practice in the ancient world.

[br]

Bibliography

The standard Latin text with English translation is that edited by H.Rackham et al.(1942– 63, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann, 10 vols). The French version is by A.

Ernout et al. (1947–, Belles Lettres, Paris).

Further Reading

The editions mentioned above include useful biographical and other details. For special aspects of Pliny, see K.C.Bailey, 1929–32, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on Chemical Subjects, London, 2 vols.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)
2 above

I 1. [ə'bʌv]
preposizione

1) (vertically higher) sopra, al di sopra di

to live above a shop — abitare sopra un negozio

your name is above mine on the list — il tuo nome è prima del mio nell'elenco

the hills above Monte Carlo — le colline sopra Monte Carlo

2) (north of)

above this latitude — oltre questa latitudine

3) (upstream of) a monte di

4) (morally)

she's above such petty behaviour — è al di sopra di un comportamento così meschino

they're not above cheating — non disdegnano di imbrogliare

5) (in preference to) più di

above all — soprattutto, più di tutto

above all else — più di tutto il resto o di ogni altra cosa

6) (superior in status, rank) superiore a, al di sopra di

he thinks he's above us — si crede superiore a noi

7) (greater than) al di sopra di, oltre

above average — al di sopra della media

above the limit — oltre il limite

to rise above — superare [limit, average]

8) (beyond)

above suspicion — al di sopra di ogni sospetto

9) (higher in pitch) più alto di

10) (over)

a shot was heard above the shouting — uno sparo sovrastò il grido
2.
avverbio

1) (higher up)

the apartment above — l'appartamento di sopra

the view from above — la vista dall'alto

2) (earlier in the text)

see above — vedi sopra

3) (more)

children of 12 and above — bambini di 12 anni e oltre

4) (in the sky)

look up at the stars above — guarda le stelle lassù (nel cielo)

••

to get above oneself — montarsi la testa
II 1. [ə'bʌv]
aggettivo

the above items — gli oggetti sunnominati o di cui sopra
2.
pronome

the above are all witnesses — i suddetti sono tutti testimoni

* * *
1. preposition
1) (in a higher position than: a picture above the fireplace.) sopra, al di sopra di

2) (greater than: The child's intelligence is above average.) superiore

3) (too good for: The police must be above suspicion.) al di sopra di
2. adverb
1) (higher up: seen from above.) sopra

2) ((in a book etc) earlier or higher up on the page: See above.) sopra

•

- above-board
- above all
* * *
I 1. [ə'bʌv]
preposizione

1) (vertically higher) sopra, al di sopra di

to live above a shop — abitare sopra un negozio

your name is above mine on the list — il tuo nome è prima del mio nell'elenco

the hills above Monte Carlo — le colline sopra Monte Carlo

2) (north of)

above this latitude — oltre questa latitudine

3) (upstream of) a monte di

4) (morally)

she's above such petty behaviour — è al di sopra di un comportamento così meschino

they're not above cheating — non disdegnano di imbrogliare

5) (in preference to) più di

above all — soprattutto, più di tutto

above all else — più di tutto il resto o di ogni altra cosa

6) (superior in status, rank) superiore a, al di sopra di

he thinks he's above us — si crede superiore a noi

7) (greater than) al di sopra di, oltre

above average — al di sopra della media

above the limit — oltre il limite

to rise above — superare [limit, average]

8) (beyond)

above suspicion — al di sopra di ogni sospetto

9) (higher in pitch) più alto di

10) (over)

a shot was heard above the shouting — uno sparo sovrastò il grido
2.
avverbio

1) (higher up)

the apartment above — l'appartamento di sopra

the view from above — la vista dall'alto

2) (earlier in the text)

see above — vedi sopra

3) (more)

children of 12 and above — bambini di 12 anni e oltre

4) (in the sky)

look up at the stars above — guarda le stelle lassù (nel cielo)

••

to get above oneself — montarsi la testa
II 1. [ə'bʌv]
aggettivo

the above items — gli oggetti sunnominati o di cui sopra
2.
pronome

the above are all witnesses — i suddetti sono tutti testimoni

English-Italian dictionary > above
3 above

above [əˈbʌv]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When above is an element in a phrasal verb, eg get above, look up the verb.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. adverb

   a. ( = overhead, higher up) en haut

• from above d'en haut

• the view from above la vue d'en haut

• the flat above l'appartement du dessus

• orders from above des ordres venant d'en haut

   b. ( = more) boys of 16 and above les garçons de 16 ans et plus

• seats are available at $10 and above il y a des places à partir de 10 dollars

   c. ( = earlier in book) ci-dessus

• as above comme ci-dessus

2. preposition

   a. ( = higher than) au-dessus de

• above the horizon au-dessus de l'horizon

• he values honesty above everything else il place l'honnêteté au-dessus de tout

• above all surtout

   b. ( = more than) children above seven years of age les enfants de plus de sept ans

• temperatures above 40 degrees des températures supérieures à 40 degrés

   c. ( = beyond) that is quite above me (inf) ça me dépasse

• this book is above me (inf) ce livre est trop compliqué pour moi

   d. ( = too proud, honest for) he is above such behaviour il est incapable de se conduire ainsi

• he's not above stealing/theft il irait jusqu'à voler/jusqu'au vol

• to get above o.s. avoir des idées de grandeur

   e. ( = over) I couldn't hear what she was saying above the barking les aboiements m'empêchaient d'entendre ce qu'elle disait

3. adjective

( = mentioned previously) mentionné ci-dessus

4. noun

• the above is a photo of... ci-dessus nous avons une photo de...

• please translate the above veuillez traduire le texte ci-dessus

5. compounds

► above board adjective [person, action] régulier

► above-mentioned adjective mentionné ci-dessus

* * *
[ə'bʌv] 1.
pronoun

the above — ( people) les personnes susnommées
2.
preposition

1) ( vertically higher) au-dessus de

the mountains above Monte Carlo — la montagne qui surplombe Monte-Carlo

above it — au-dessus

2) ( north of) au nord de

3) ( upstream of) en amont de

4) ( morally)

he's above such petty behaviour — il n'est pas capable d'un comportement aussi mesquin

they're not above cheating — ils sont tout à fait capables de tricher

5) ( in preference to) par-dessus

above all others —

above all else — par-dessus tout

6) (superior in status, rank) au-dessus de

he thinks he's above us — il se croit supérieur à nous

7) ( greater than) au-dessus de

to rise above — dépasser [limit, average]

8) ( beyond)

above suspicion — au-dessus de tout soupçon

9) ( higher in pitch) au-dessus de

10) ( over)

above the shouting — par-dessus les cris
3.
adjective

the above items — les articles susmentionnés fml
4.
adverb

1) ( higher up)

the apartment above — l'appartement du dessus

the view from above — la vue d'en haut

2) ( earlier in the text) ci-dessus

3) ( more) plus

12 and above — 12 ans et plus

4) ( in the sky)

to look up at the stars above — lever les yeux vers les étoiles
5.
above all adverbial phrase surtout

••

to get above oneself — ne plus se sentir (colloq)

English-French dictionary > above
4 above

above

A pron the above ( person) le susdit/la susdite m/f ; the above are all witnesses les personnes susnommées sont toutes témoins ; the above are all stolen vehicles les véhicules susmentionnés sont tous volés.

B prep

1 ( vertically higher) au-dessus de ; to live above a shop habiter au-dessus d'une boutique ; your name is above mine on the list ton nom est au-dessus du mien sur la liste ; the hills above Monte Carlo les collines qui surplombent Monte-Carlo ;

2 ( north of) au nord de ; above this latitude au nord de cette latitude ;

3 ( upstream of) en amont de ;

4 ( morally) she's above such petty behaviour elle n'est pas capable d'un comportement aussi mesquin ; they're not above cheating/lying ils sont tout à fait capables de tricher /de mentir ; he's not above lending us a hand il n'hésitera pas à nous aider ;

5 ( in preference to) par-dessus ; to admire sth above all others admirer qch par-dessus tout ; above all else par-dessus tout ; to value happiness above wealth accorder plus d'importance au bonheur qu'à l'argent ;

6 (superior in status, rank) au-dessus de ; a general is above a corporal un général est au-dessus d'un caporal ; to be above sb in the world rankings être mieux placé que qn au classement mondial ; he thinks he's above us il se croit supérieur à nous ;

7 ( greater than) au-dessus de ; above average au-dessus de la moyenne ; above the limit au-dessus de la limite ; children above the age of 12 les enfants âgés de plus de 12 ans ; to rise above dépasser [amount, percentage, limit, average] ; ⇒ over ;

8 (transcending, beyond) above suspicion au-dessus de tout soupçon ; she's above criticism on ne peut pas la critiquer ; above reproach irréprochable ;

9 ( too difficult for) to be above sb [subject, book] dépasser qn ;

10 ( higher in pitch) au-dessus de ;

11 ( over) I couldn't hear him above the sound of the drill je ne pouvais pas l'entendre à cause du bruit de la perceuse ; a shot was heard above the shouting on a entendu un coup de feu par-dessus les cris.

C adj the above names/items les noms/articles susmentionnés fml or figurant ci-dessus.

D adv

1 ( higher up) a desk with a shelf above un bureau avec une étagère au-dessus ; the noise from the apartment above le bruit qui vient de l'appartement d'au-dessus ; the view from above la vue d'en haut ; an order from above un ordre qui vient d'en haut ; ideas imposed from above des idées imposées d'en haut ;

2 ( earlier in the text) see above voir ci-dessus ; as stated above comme indiqué ci-dessus ;

3 ( more) children of 12 and above les enfants âgés de 12 ans et plus ; tickets at £10 and above des billets à partir de dix livres ; those on incomes of £18,000 and above ceux dont les revenus atteignent ou dépassent 18 000 livres sterling ;

4 ( in the sky) the sky up above was clear le ciel était dégagé ; to look up at the stars above lever les yeux vers les étoiles ; the powers above les puissances célestes ; in Heaven above aux cieux ; ⇒ cut.

E above all adv phr surtout.

Idiom

to get above oneself ne plus se sentir ○.

Big English-French dictionary > above
5 treaty

n

1) (международный) договор, соглашение

- abrogation of a treaty

- cancellation of a treaty

- acceptance of a treaty

- accession to a treaty

- alterations of the treaty

- amendment to a treaty

- appellation of a treaty

- actual application of a treaty

- daily application of a treaty

- provisional application of a treaty

- approval of a treaty

- arrangement of a treaty

- binding force of treaties

- body of stipulations of a treaty

- conclusion of a treaty

- denunciation of a treaty

- depositaries of treaties

- desuetude of a treaty

- dissolution of a treaty

- draft of a treaty

- successive drafts of a treaty

- duration of a treaty

- effect of a treaty

- effect of treaties upon third states

- effects of a treaty between the parties

- enforcement of a treaty

- entry of a treaty into force

- preclude the entry of a treaty into force

- fulfilment of a treaty

- execution of a treaty

- speedy execution of a treaty

- be guardians of the proper execution of a treaty

- expiration of a treaty

- extinction of the object of a treaty

- formal entrance into an existing treaty

- framing of a treaty

- initialling of a treaty

- integral part of a treaty

- interpretation of a treaty

- invalidity of a treaty

- law-consolidating character of a treaty

- law-creating character of a treaty

- material breach of a treaty

- means to secure the performance of a treaty

- methods of bringing a treaty to an end

- motives for the conclusion of a treaty

- negotiation of a treaty

- non-registration of a treaty

- object of a treaty

- incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty

- observance of a treaty

- operation of a treaty

- prolong the time of operation of a treaty

- the operation of the treaty may be suspended

- original of a treaty

- parties to a treaty

- state party to a treaty

- party bound by a treaty

- periodic review of a treaty

- preamble to a treaty

- prolongation of a treaty

- provisions of a treaty

- derogate from the provisions of the treaty

- ratification of a treaty

- realization of the purpose of a treaty

- registration of a treaty

- renewal of a treaty

- repudiation of a treaty

- resumption of the operation of a treaty

- revision of a treaty

- signing of a treaty

- state benefiting from the treaty

- stipulations of a treaty

- subject matter of a treaty

- suspension of a treaty

- termination of a treaty

- termination of a treaty by consent of the parties

- terms of a treaty

- territorial scope of a treaty

- text of a treaty

- adoption of the text of a treaty

- draft the text of a treaty

- frame the text of a treaty

- validity of a treaty

- interfere with the validity of a treaty

- verification of a treaty

- violation of a treaty

- voidance of a treaty

- withdrawal from a treaty

- withdrawal from a treaty with notice

- wording of a treaty

- by treaty

- by virtue of the treaty

- according to the importance of the treaty

- statement of the purposes and objectives of the treaty

- treaties according freedom of navigation in international waterways or rivers

- treaty adopted within an international organization

- treaty as amended

- treaties as a source of international law

- treaty authenticated in two languages

- treaty banning all nuclear weapon tests

- treaty banning underground nuclear weapon tests

- treaty concluded by the country of residence

- treaty creating servitudes

- treaty establishing a boundary

- treaty establishing nuclear-free zone

- treaties for the equitable use of the water resources of an international river basin and alike

- treaty for an indefinite term

- treaty in force

- treaty opened to accession of third states

- treaty outmoded by events

- cancel a treaty

- abrogate a treaty

- accede to a treaty

- adhere to a treaty

- alter a treaty

- amend a treaty

- appear from a treaty

- approve a treaty

- be bound by a treaty

- bring a treaty to an end

- cancel a treaty on the ground of its violation

- consummate a treaty

- complete a treaty

- make a treaty

- conclude a treaty

- enter into a treaty

- conclude a treaty for a limited period of time

- declare oneself free from the obligations of a treaty

- defeat a treaty

- defeat the object and purpose of a treaty

- renounce a treaty

- denounce a treaty

- enter a separate treaty

- execute a treaty

- execute a treaty in all its parts

- prolong a treaty

- extend a treaty

- fulfil a treaty

- get a treaty approved

- impart the binding force to a treaty

- interpret a treaty

- invoke a treaty

- join a treaty

- make a treaty binding

- modify a treaty

- monitor a treaty

- negotiate the adaptation of a treaty to new conditions

- observe a treaty

- obstruct the operation of a treaty

- participate in a treaty

- perfect a treaty

- perform a treaty in good faith

- publish a treaty

- be pursuant to a treaty

- put a treaty into force

- ratify a treaty

- redintegrate a treaty

- the treaty becomes redintegrated

- register a treaty

- register a treaty with the Secretariat of the United Nations

- reject a treaty

- renew a treaty

- scuttle a treaty

- sell a treaty

- sign a treaty

- submit a treaty for approval

- suspend a treaty

- suspend the operation of a treaty in whole

- suspend the operation of a treaty in part

- take a treaty out of freeze

- terminate the operation of a treaty

- uphold a treaty

- violate a treaty

- withdraw from a treaty

- the treaty is legally binding

- the treaty has become operative

- the treaty continues in operation

- the treaty is suspended in operation

- the treaty is terminated in operation

- the treaty becomes incapable of execution

- the treaty is valid

- the treaty cannot be ratified in part

- the treaty becomes void

- with all the rights and duties arising from the treaty

- the treaty falls to the ground

- some treaties devolve upon the successor

- the treaties are inconsistent with each other

- two treaties which are not capable of being applied at the same time

- the treaty which does not provide for denunciation or withdrawal

- unless the treaty otherwise provides

- the treaty which has expired

2) переговоры

- be in treaty with smb. for smth.

•

- localized treaty

- existing treaty

- treaty of arbitration

- dispositive treaty

- ABM treaty

- treaty of protectorate

- treaty engagements

- basic treaty

- treaty nexus

- international treaty

- treaty process

- secret treaty

- treaty rights

- security treaty

- pre-existing treaty

- contractual treaty

- treaty of cession

- former treaty

- treaty relations

- treaty coast

- law-making treaty

- unilateral treaty

- mutual treaty

- out-of-date treaty

- by international treaty

- treaty of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance

- earlier treaty

- binding treaty

- treaty of protection

- surplus treaty

- recognized international treaty

- commercial treaty

- ordinary treaty

- self-executing treaty

- non-registered treaty

- multilateral treaty on arms control and disarmament

- treaties of a humanitarian character

- treaty of commerce and navigation

- alliance treaty

- binding obligatory force of international treaties

- comprehensive test ban treaty

- first surplus treaty

- treaty document

- formal treaty

- The Treaty of Maastricht

- executory treaty

- treaty of friendship, neighbourliness and cooperation

- conciliation treaty

- oral treaty

- time-expiring treaty

- treaty of confederation

- consular treaty

- shipping treaty

- political treaty

- treaty of alliance

- treaty contract

- treaty of union

- original treaty

- open treaty

- non-political treaty

- bilateral treaty

- later treaty

- treaty of law-making character

- extradition treaty

- individual treaty

- treaty commitments

- territorial treaty

- nuclear-weapon-free-zone treaty

- treaty parties

- non-self-executing treaty

- multilateral treaty

- treaty of mutual assistance

- binding character force of international treaties

- guarantee treaty

- treaty provisions

- pre-union treaties

- undated treaty

- general treaty of arbitration

- successive treaties

- general treaty

- reciprocal trade treaty

- real guarantee treaty

- adequately verified treaty

- treaty of accession

- peace treaty

- void treaty

- threshold treaty

- regional treaty

- boundary treaty

- non-discriminatory treaty

- plurilateral treaty

- principal treaty

- quota-share treaty

- treaty of establishment

- be in treaty relations

- treaty stipulations

- supplementary treaty

- treaty regime

- pre-community treaties of member states with third countries

- multilateral balanced and fully verified treaty

- preliminary treaty

- treaty of neutrality

- universal treaty

- pre-independence treaties

- tax treaty

- pre-federation treaties

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > treaty
6 re-word

Общая лексика: переставить слова (The text is basically an abbreviated version of the text you translated earlier, with a bit of re-wording here and there. - кое-где немного переставлены слова)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > re-word
7 KINGDOM

\#aranië (attested with the suffix –lya "thy" added). Earlier versions of the text in question had other forms: \#turinasta, \#turindië (both also occurring with a long ú). –VT43:12, 15

Quettaparma Quenyallo (English-Quenya) > KINGDOM
8 above

1. adverb
1) (position) oben; oberhalb; (higher up) darüber

up above — oben

from above — von oben [herab]

above right — rechts oben; oben rechts

the flat/floor above — die Wohnung/das Stockwerk darüber

2) (direction) nach oben; hinauf; (upstream) stromauf[wärts]

3) (earlier in text) weiter oben

see above, p. 123 — siehe oben, S. 123
2. preposition
1) (position) über (+ Dat.); (upstream from) oberhalb (+ Gen.)

above oneself — (conceited) größenwahnsinnig (ugs.)

2) (direction) über (+ Akk.)

3) (more than) über (+ Akk.)

will anyone go above £2,000? — bietet jemand mehr als 2 000 Pfund?

be above criticism/suspicion — über jede Kritik/jeden Verdacht erhaben sein

above all [else] — vor allem; insbesondere

4) (ranking higher than) über (+ Dat.)

she's in the class above me — sie ist eine Klasse über mir
3. adjective
obig [Erklärung, Aufzählung, Ziffern]; (above-mentioned) obengenannt
4. noun
the above — das Obige; (person[s]) der/die Obengenannte/die Obengenannten

* * *
1. preposition
1) (in a higher position than: a picture above the fireplace.) über

2) (greater than: The child's intelligence is above average.) über

3) (too good for: The police must be above suspicion.) erhaben über
2. adverb
1) (higher up: seen from above.) oben

2) ((in a book etc) earlier or higher up on the page: See above.) oben

•

- academic.ru/114993/above-board">above-board
- above all
* * *

above

[əˈbʌv]

I. prep

1. (over) über + dat

the room \above mine das Zimmer über mir

▪ up \above sb/sth hoch über jdm/etw

2. (more than) über + akk

banquets \above 50 people Bankette mit mehr als 50 Personen

\above average/freezing über dem Durchschnitt/Gefrierpunkt

\above [and beyond] all expectations [weit] über allen Erwartungen

3. (superior to)

he thinks he's \above everyone else er hält sich für was Besseres

▪ to be \above sth quality über etw akk erhaben sein; person also über etw dat stehen

his behaviour is \above criticism sein Verhalten ist über jede Kritik erhaben

▪ to feel \above sth sich akk über etw akk erhaben fühlen

to get \above oneself größenwahnsinnig werden pej fam

to have ideas \above one's station BRIT ( dated) sich akk für etwas Besseres halten

4. (more important)

she values her job \above her family sie stellt ihre Arbeit über ihre Familie

they value freedom \above all else für sie ist die Freiheit wichtiger als alles andere

\above all [else] vor allem

5. (louder than)

we couldn't hear each other speak \above the music die Musik war so laut, dass wir uns nicht mehr verstehen konnten

she couldn't speak \above a whisper sie konnte nur noch flüstern

6.

▶ to be \above sb/one's head jdm/einem zu hoch sein fam

▶ to not be \above sth/doing sth zu etw bereit sein/bereit sein, etw zu tun

II. adv

1. (higher) oberhalb, darüber

the flat \above die Wohnung über uns

from \above von oben

the sky \above der Himmel über uns/ihnen etc.

2. (more) darüber

planks of 1 m and \above Bretter von 1 Meter und länger

3. (overhead)

from \above von oben

seen from \above von oben betrachtet

4. (in the sky) am Himmel

he looked up to the stars \above er blickte hinauf zu den Sternen

5. (in heaven) im Himmel

the Lord \above der Herr im Himmel

He came from \above Er stieg vom Himmel herab

6. (higher ranks)

[orders] from \above [Anweisungen pl] von oben fam

7. (in text) oben

the address given \above die oben genannte Adresse

as mentioned \above wie oben erwähnt

see \above siehe oben

III. adj attr, inv ( form) obige(r, s)

the \above address die oben genannte Adresse

in the \above diagram/paragraph im obigen Diagramm/Absatz

IV. n

▪ the \above

1. (things) das Obengenannte; (person) der/die Obengenannte; (several) die Obengenannten pl

2. (in text) das Obenerwähnte [o Obige]

* * *
[ə'bʌv]
1. adv

1) (= overhead) oben; (= in a higher position) darüber

from above — von oben

look above — schau nach oben

the apartment above — die Wohnung oben or( above that one) darüber

2) (in text) oben

2. prep
über (+dat); (with motion) über (+acc); (= upstream of) oberhalb (+gen)
above all — vor allem, vor allen Dingen

I couldn't hear above the din — ich konnte bei dem Lärm nichts hören

he valued money above his family — er schätzte Geld mehr als seine Familie

to be above sb/sth — über jdm/etw stehen

he's above that sort of thing — er ist über so etwas erhaben

he's not above a bit of blackmail — er ist sich (dat) nicht zu gut für eine kleine Erpressung

it's above my head or me — das ist mir zu hoch

to get above oneself (inf) — größenwahnsinnig werden (inf)

3. adj attr

the above persons/figures — die oben genannten or oben erwähnten Personen/Zahlen

the above paragraph — der vorangehende or obige Abschnitt

4. n

* * *

above [əˈbʌv]

A adv

1. (dr)oben, oberhalb, darüber:

from above von oben (a. fig Befehl etc)( → A 2);

I heard a shout from the flat above aus der Wohnung über mir

2. REL (dr)oben, im Himmel:

from above von oben (her), vom Himmel ( → A 1);

the powers above die himmlischen Mächte

3. darüber (hinaus):

the court above JUR die höhere Instanz;

the rank above der nächsthöhere Rang

4. weiter oben:

the facts (mentioned) above die oben erwähnten Fakten;

as stated above wie oben angeführt oder angegeben

5. nach oben, hinauf:

a staircase leading above

B präp

1. a) über (dat oder akk), oberhalb (gen):

above the earth über der Erde, oberirdisch;

fly above the clouds über den Wolken fliegen

b) über (dat), nördlich von

2. fig über (dat oder akk), mehr als, stärker als, erhaben über (akk):

be above and beyond weit hinausgehen über (akk);

above all (else) vor allem, vor allen Dingen;

he loves her above all others er liebt sie mehr als alle anderen;

he is above that er steht über der Sache, er ist darüber erhaben;

she was above taking advice sie war zu stolz, Rat anzunehmen; sie ließ sich nichts sagen;

not be above doing sth sich nicht zu schade sein, etwas zu tun;

he is not above accepting bribes er scheut sich nicht, Bestechungsgelder anzunehmen;

be above sb

a) jemandem überlegen sein,

b) (rangmäßig) über jemandem stehen;

get above sb jemanden überflügeln;

that is above me das ist mir zu hoch, das geht über meinen Horizont oder Verstand

C adj obig, oben erwähnt

D s the above

a) der oder die Obengenannte, das Obige,

b) die Obengenannten pl

sup. abk

1. superior

2. superlative Superl.

3. supplement

4. supplementary zusätzl.

5. supply

6. supra, above

* * *
1. adverb
1) (position) oben; oberhalb; (higher up) darüber

up above — oben

from above — von oben [herab]

above right — rechts oben; oben rechts

the flat/floor above — die Wohnung/das Stockwerk darüber

2) (direction) nach oben; hinauf; (upstream) stromauf[wärts]

3) (earlier in text) weiter oben

see above, p. 123 — siehe oben, S. 123
2. preposition
1) (position) über (+ Dat.); (upstream from) oberhalb (+ Gen.)

above oneself — (conceited) größenwahnsinnig (ugs.)

2) (direction) über (+ Akk.)

3) (more than) über (+ Akk.)

will anyone go above £2,000? — bietet jemand mehr als 2 000 Pfund?

be above criticism/suspicion — über jede Kritik/jeden Verdacht erhaben sein

above all [else] — vor allem; insbesondere

4) (ranking higher than) über (+ Dat.)

she's in the class above me — sie ist eine Klasse über mir
3. adjective
obig [Erklärung, Aufzählung, Ziffern]; (above-mentioned) obengenannt
4. noun
the above — das Obige; (person[s]) der/die Obengenannte/die Obengenannten

* * *

adv.

oben adv.

oberhalb adv.

obig adv. prep.

über präp.

English-german dictionary > above
9 go back

(to return to an earlier time, topic of conversation etc: Let's go back for a minute to what we were talking about earlier.) volver a

go back vb volver

he's gone back to Brazil ha vuelto a Brasil

go back

v.

• remontar v.

v + adv

1)

a) ( return) volver*

go back! — vuelve atrás!, retrocede!

there's no going back now — ya no se puede (or no nos podemos etc) volver atrás

b) (in lecture, text) volver*

to go back to what I was saying earlier... — volviendo a lo que decía antes...

c) ( be returned)

this dress'll have to go back — voy (or vas etc) a tener que devolver ese vestido

2)

a) (date, originate) \<\<tradition/dynasty\>\> remontarse

we go back a long way — (colloq) nos conocemos desde hace mucho

b) (return in time, revert) volver*

we went back to the old system — volvimos al antiguo sistema

c) \<\<clocks\>\> atrasarse

VI + ADV

1) (=return) volver, regresar (to a)

• to go back home — volver or regresar a casa

• when do the schools go back? — ¿cuándo empieza el colegio?

• the strikers have voted to go back to work — los huelguistas han votado en favor de volver al trabajo

he's gone back to his wife — ha vuelto con su mujer

this dress will have to go back (to the shop) — habrá que devolver este vestido

going back to the point you raised earlier,... — volviendo al tema que planteaste antes,...

to go back to the beginning — volver al principio
go back to
2) (=retreat) volverse atrás

• there's no going back now — ya no podemos volvernos atrás

3) (=extend) extenderse

the path goes back to the river — el camino llega or se extiende hasta el río

the cave goes back 300 metres — la cueva tiene 300 metros de fondo, la cueva tiene una extensión de 300 metros

4) (=date back) remontarse

• we go back a long way — nos conocemos desde hace mucho

• my memories don't go back so far — mis recuerdos no se remontan tan lejos

• it goes back to Elizabeth I — se remonta a Isabel I

the controversy goes back to 1929 — la controversia se remonta a 1929

5) (=change)

• when do the clocks go back? — ¿cuándo hay que atrasar los relojes?

the clocks go back on Sunday — los relojes se atrasan el domingo

* * *

v + adv

1)

a) ( return) volver*

go back! — vuelve atrás!, retrocede!

there's no going back now — ya no se puede (or no nos podemos etc) volver atrás

b) (in lecture, text) volver*

to go back to what I was saying earlier... — volviendo a lo que decía antes...

c) ( be returned)

this dress'll have to go back — voy (or vas etc) a tener que devolver ese vestido

2)

a) (date, originate) \<\<tradition/dynasty\>\> remontarse

we go back a long way — (colloq) nos conocemos desde hace mucho

b) (return in time, revert) volver*

we went back to the old system — volvimos al antiguo sistema

c) \<\<clocks\>\> atrasarse

English-spanish dictionary > go back
10 above

1. preposition
1) (in a higher position than: a picture above the fireplace.) encima (de)

2) (greater than: The child's intelligence is above average.) por encima (de)

3) (too good for: The police must be above suspicion.) por encima (de)

2. adverb
1) (higher up: seen from above.) arriba

2) ((in a book etc) earlier or higher up on the page: See above.) arriba

•

- above-board
- above all

above¹ adv de arriba

the flat above el piso de arriba

above² prep por encima de

above the clouds por encima de las nubes

above all sobre todo / especialmente

above

tr[ə'bʌv]

preposition

1 (higher than) por encima de

■ above our heads por encima de nuestras cabezas

■ she is above suspicion está por encima de toda sospecha

■ only the manager is above him sólo el gerente está por encima de él

■ a captain is above a sargeant un capitán manda más que un sargento

2 (more than) más de, más que

■ above 5,000 people más de 5.000 personas

■ those above the age of 65 los mayores de 65 años

■ the temperature is above 45 ºC la temperatura supera los 45 ºC

■ I value your friendship above all else valoro tu amistad ante todo

3 (too good for)

■ he can't have said that, he's above such things él no puede haberlo dicho, no es de ese tipo de gente

■ he's not above taking bribes es muy capaz de aceptar un soborno

4 (up river from) más arriba de

■ there's a mill above the waterfall hay un molino más arriba de la cascada

adverb

1 arriba, en lo alto

■ the palace, seen from above el palacio, visto desde arriba

■ she gazed at the stars above contemplaba las estrellas allá en lo alto

2 (in writing) arriba

■ see above véase arriba

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

above all sobre todo

above and beyond the call of duty más allá de lo que exige el deber

above [ə'bʌv] adv

1) overhead: por encima, arriba

2) : más arriba

as stated above: como se indica más arriba

above adj

: anterior, antedicho

for the above reasons: por las razones antedichas

above prep

1) over: encima de, arriba de, sobre

2) : superior a, por encima de

he's above those things: él está por encima de esas cosas

3) : más de, superior a

he earns above $50,000: gana más de $50,000

a number above 10: un número superior a 10

4)

above all : sobre todo

above

adv.

• arriba adv.

• en lo alto adv.

• encima adv.

• encima de adv.

• sobre adv.

prep.

• encima de prep.

• sobre prep.

• superior a prep.

I ə'bʌv
preposition

1)

a) (on top of, over) encima de

the room above mine — la habitación encima de la mía

above sea level — sobre el nivel del mar

we were flying above the clouds — volábamos por encima de las nubes

her voice rose above the noise — su voz se elevó por encima del ruido

b) ( upstream of) más allá or más arriba de

2) ( superior to) por encima de

a lieutenant is above a sergeant — un teniente está por encima de un sargento

she went above me and complained to my boss — me pasó por encima y se quejó a mi jefe

she's not above telling a lie — es muy capaz de decir una mentira

he's above suspicion — está por encima de toda sospecha

to get above oneself — (pej) subirse a la parra

3) ( more than)

above average — por encima de la media

above and beyond — más allá de

II

adverb

1) (on top, higher up, overhead) arriba

the room above — la habitación de arriba

seen from above — visto desde arriba

orders from above — órdenes fpl superiores or (fam) de arriba

2) ( in text)

as shown above — como se demostró anteriormente or más arriba

see above, page 43 — véase página 43

III

adjective (frml) (before n)

for the above reasons — por dichas razones, por lo antedicho

IV

noun (frml)

the above — (facts, text) lo anterior (frml)

[ǝ'bʌv] When above is an element in a phrasal verb, eg get above, look up the verb.
1. ADV

1) (=overhead) arriba

seen from above — visto desde arriba

the flat above — el piso de arriba

2) (referring to heaven)

from above — del cielo, de lo alto

God, who is in heaven above — Dios en las alturas, Dios que vive en el reino de los cielos

the gods above — los dioses en las alturas

3) (in status) de más categoría

those above — los de más categoría

orders from above — órdenes fpl superiores or de arriba

4) (in text) arriba, más arriba

see above — véase (más) arriba

as set out above — según lo arriba expuesto

as I said above — como ya he dicho

5) (=more)

boys of five and above — los niños mayores de cinco años

seats are available at £5 and above — las entradas cuestan a partir de 5 libras

2. PREP

1) (=higher than, over) encima de

there was a picture above the fireplace — había un cuadro encima de la chimenea

above the clouds — encima de las nubes

above ground: they were trapped 150ft above ground — estaban atrapados a una altura de 150 pies sobre el nivel del suelo

vegetables that grow above ground — las verduras que crecen en la superficie

2,000 metres above sea level — 2.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar

I couldn't hear above the din — no podía oír con tanto ruido

2) (=upstream of)

the Thames above London — el Támesis más arriba de Londres

3) (of rank)

he is above me in rank — tiene una categoría superior a la mía, tiene un rango superior al mío (of priority)

above all — sobre todo

he values honesty above all else — ante todo valora la honestidad

he was, above all else, a musician — era, ante todo, un músico
station 1., 4)
4) (=morally superior)

he's above that sort of thing — está muy por encima de esas cosas

he's not above a bit of blackmail — es capaz hasta del chantaje

to get above o.s. — pasarse (de listo)

5) (=beyond)

it's above me — es demasiado complicado para mí

6) (numbers) más de, superior a

there were not above 40 people — no había más de 40 personas

any number above 12 — cualquier número superior a 12

she can't count above ten — no sabe contar más allá de diez

children above seven years of age — los niños mayores de siete años

temperatures above 40 degrees — temperaturas fpl por encima de los 40 grados

temperatures well above normal — temperaturas fpl muy superiores a las normales

wage rises of 3% above inflation — aumentos mpl de sueldo de un 3% por encima del nivel de inflación
average 2.
3.

ADJ [fact, place] sobredicho, arriba mencionado; [photo, illustration] de arriba

4.

N

the above is a photo of... — lo anterior or lo que se ve arriba es una foto de...

please translate the above — por favor traduzca lo anterior

* * *

I [ə'bʌv]
preposition

1)

a) (on top of, over) encima de

the room above mine — la habitación encima de la mía

above sea level — sobre el nivel del mar

we were flying above the clouds — volábamos por encima de las nubes

her voice rose above the noise — su voz se elevó por encima del ruido

b) ( upstream of) más allá or más arriba de

2) ( superior to) por encima de

a lieutenant is above a sergeant — un teniente está por encima de un sargento

she went above me and complained to my boss — me pasó por encima y se quejó a mi jefe

she's not above telling a lie — es muy capaz de decir una mentira

he's above suspicion — está por encima de toda sospecha

to get above oneself — (pej) subirse a la parra

3) ( more than)

above average — por encima de la media

above and beyond — más allá de

II

adverb

1) (on top, higher up, overhead) arriba

the room above — la habitación de arriba

seen from above — visto desde arriba

orders from above — órdenes fpl superiores or (fam) de arriba

2) ( in text)

as shown above — como se demostró anteriormente or más arriba

see above, page 43 — véase página 43

III

adjective (frml) (before n)

for the above reasons — por dichas razones, por lo antedicho

IV

noun (frml)

the above — (facts, text) lo anterior (frml)

English-spanish dictionary > above
11 Vitruvius Pollio

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. early first century BC

d. c. 25 BC

[br]

Roman writer on architecture and engineering subjects.

[br]

Nothing is known of Vitruvius apart from what can be gleaned from his only known work, the treatise De architectura. He seems to have been employed in some capacity by Julius Caesar and continued to serve under his heir, Octavianus, later Emperor Augustus, to whom he dedicated his book. It was written towards the end of his life, after Octavianus became undisputed ruler of the Empire by his victory at Actium in 31 BC, and was based partly on his own experience and partly on earlier, Hellenistic, writers.

The De architectura is divided into ten books. The first seven books expound the general principles of architecture and the planning, design and construction of various types of building, public and domestic, including a consideration of techniques and materials. Book 7 deals with interior decoration, including stucco work and painting, while Book 8 treats water supply, from the location of sources to the transport of water by aqueducts, tunnels and pipes. Book 9, after a long and somewhat confused account of the astronomical theories of the day, describes various forms of clock and sundial. Finally, Book 10 deals with mechanical devices for handling building materials and raising and pumping water, for which Vitruvius draws on the earlier Greek authors Ctesibius and Hero.

Although this may seem a motley assembly of subjects, to the Roman architect and builder it was a logical compendium of the subjects he was expected to know about. At the time, Vitruvius' rigid rules for the design of buildings such as temples seem to have had little influence, but his accounts of more practical matters of building materials and techniques were widely used. His illustrations to the original work were lost in antiquity, for no later manuscript includes them. Through the Middle Ages, manuscript copies were made in monastic scriptoria, although the architectural style in vogue had little relevance to those in Vitruvius: these came into their own with the Italian Renaissance. Alberti, writing the first great Renaissance treatise on architecture from 1452 to 1467, drew heavily on De architectura; those who sought to revive the styles of antiquity were bound to regard the only surviving text on the subject as authoritative. The appearance of the first printed edition in 1486 only served to extend its influence.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Vitruvius was used as a handbook for constructing machines and instruments. For the modern historian of technology and architecture the work is a source of prime importance, although it must be remembered that the illustrations in the early printed editions are of contemporary reproductions of ancient devices using the techniques of the time, rather than authentic representations of ancient technology.

[br]

Bibliography

Of the several critical editions of De architectura there are the Teubner edition, 1899. ed. V.Rose, Leipzig; the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1962, ed. F.Granger, London: Heinemann, (with English trans. and notes); and the Collection Guillaume Budé with French trans. and full commentary, 10 vols, Paris (in progress).

Further Reading

Apart from the notes to the printed editions, see also: H.Plommer, 1973, Vitruvius and Later Roman Building Manuals, London. A.G.Drachmann, 1963, The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity Copenhagen and London.

S.L.Gibbs, 1976, Greek and Roman Sundials, New Haven and London.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Vitruvius Pollio
12 above

[əʼbʌv] prep

1) ( over) über +dat;

the helicopter was hovering \above the building der Hubschrauber schwebte über dem Gebäude;

my sister lives in the room \above mine meine Schwester wohnt im Zimmer über mir;

up \above sth/sb hoch über etw/jdm

2) ( greater than) über +akk;

we can't handle banquets \above 50 people Bankette mit mehr als 50 Personen können wir nicht ausrichten;

to be \above sth über etw dat sein;

the temperature is barely \above freezing die Temperatur ist kaum über dem Gefrierpunkt;

our rates of pay are \above average unsere Bezahlung liegt über dem Durchschnitt;

\above [and beyond] sth [weit] über etw dat;

buying a new car is \above our financial limits right now ein neues Auto zu kaufen geht im Augenblick über unsere finanziellen Verhältnisse;

profits this year were \above and beyond all expectation die Profite lagen dieses Jahr weit über allen Erwartungen

3) ( superior to)

to be/feel \above sb über jdm stehen/sich akk über jdn erhaben fühlen;

he thinks he's \above everyone else er hält sich für besser als alle anderen;

to be/feel \above sth über etw dat stehen/sich akk über etw akk erhaben fühlen;

to get \above oneself größenwahnsinnig werden ( fam)

to have ideas \above one's station ( Brit) ( form) ( hum) sich akk für etwas Besseres halten;

to be \above sth über etw akk erhaben sein;

his behaviour is \above criticism sein Verhalten ist über jede Kritik erhaben

4) ( more importantly than)

she values her job \above her family sie stellt ihre Arbeit über ihre Familie;

they value freedom \above all else für sie ist die Freiheit wichtiger als alles andere;

\above all vor allem

5) ( louder than)

we could hardly hear each other speak \above the music wir konnten einander bei der Musik kaum verstehen

PHRASES:

to be \above one's head/sb einem/jdm zu hoch sein ( fam) adv

1) ( on higher level) oberhalb, darüber;

they live in the flat \above sie wohnen in der Wohnung darüber;

( above oneself) sie wohnen in der Wohnung über mir/uns;

the sky \above der Himmel über uns/ihnen etc.;

from \above von oben

2) ( overhead)

from \above von oben;

seen from \above von oben betrachtet

3) ( in the sky) am Himmel;

he looked up to the stars \above er blickte hinauf zu den Sternen

4) ( in heaven) im Himmel;

the Lord \above der Herr im Himmel;

He came from \above Er stieg vom Himmel herab

5) ( higher-ranking)

[orders] from \above [Anweisungen fpl] von oben ( fam)

6) ( earlier in text) oben;

the address given \above die oben genannte Adresse;

as mentioned \above wie oben erwähnt;

see \above siehe oben adj

attr, inv ( form) obige(r, s) attr;

the \above address die oben genannte Adresse;

in the \above diagram/ paragraph im obigen Diagramm/Absatz n

1) the \above ( things) das Obengenannte;

( person) der/die Obengenannte;

( several) die Obengenannten pl

2) ( in text)

the \above das Obenerwähnte [o Obige]

English-German students dictionary > above
13 aforesaid

[ə'fo:sed]
adjective

(said, named etc before (usually in an earlier part of a document).) obengenannt

* * *

afore·men·tioned

[əˈfɔ:men(t)ʃ^ənd, AM əˈfɔ:r-]

( form)

afore·said

[əˈfɔ:sed, AM əˈfɔ:r-]

( form)

I. adj inv, attr (in a text) oben erwähnt [o genannt], obige(r, s); (in a conversation) besagte(r, s)

II. n

<pl ->

▪ the \aforesaid (in a text) der/die/das [Oben]erwähnte [o [Oben]genannte]; (in a conversation) der/die/das Erwähnte

* * *
[ə"fOː'menSənd] [ə'fɔːsed]
adj attr (form)
oben genannt, oben erwähnt
* * *

aforementioned, aforesaid adj oben erwähnt, oben genannt, vorerwähnt, obig(er, e, es)

* * *

adj.

besagt adj.

vorbenannt adj.

English-german dictionary > aforesaid
14 later

1. adverb
später

later on — später

later [on] the same day — im weiteren Verlauf des Tages; später am Tag

see you later — bis nachher; bis später
2. adjective
später; (more recent) neuer; jünger

at a later date — zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt; später

* * *

lat·er

[ˈleɪtəʳ, AM -ɚ]

I. adj comp of late

1. attr (at future time) date, time später

the date on this copy of the will is \later than the one on your copy diese Kopie des Testaments ist später datiert als deine

an earlier and a \later version of the same text eine ältere und eine neuere Version desselben Texts

until a \later date auf später

to postpone sth to a \later date/time etw auf einen späteren Tag/Zeitpunkt verschieben

in \later life später im Leben

at a \later time zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt

2. pred (less punctual) später

she is \later than usual sie ist später dran als gewöhnlich fam

II. adv comp of late

1. (at later time) später, anschließend

I'll come back \later when you're not so busy ich komme später nochmals, wenn du mehr Zeit hast

no \later than nine o'clock nicht nach neun Uhr

\later in the month/year später im Monat/Jahr

to postpone sth until \later etw auf später verschieben

see you \later!, call you \later!, talk to you \later bis später!

\later on später fam

what are you doing \later on this evening? was machst du heute Abend noch?

2. (afterwards) später, danach

the man was first seen in the supermarket and \later in the bank der Mann wurde zuerst im Supermarkt und dann in der Bank gesehen

* * *
['leɪtə(r)]
1. adj
später
at a later hour, at a later time — später, zu einer späteren Zeit

this version is later than that one — diese Version ist neuer als die andere

in ( his) later years or life — in späteren Jahren, in seinem späteren Leben

2. adv
später
Mr Smith, later to become Sir John — Mr Smith, der spätere Sir John

the weather cleared up later (on) in the day —

later (on) that night/week/day — später in der Nacht/Woche/an dem Tag

later (on) in life — später im Leben, in späteren Jahren

later (on) in the play — im weiteren Verlauf des Stückes

I'll tell you later (on) — ich erzähle es dir später

a moment later — einen Augenblick später, im nächsten Augenblick

see you later! —

I saw him no later than yesterday — ich habe ihn ( erst) gestern noch gesehen

come at 7 o'clock and no later — komm um 7 Uhr und nicht or keine Minute später

not later than 1995 — spätestens 1995

they must be handed in no later than Monday — sie müssen bis spätestens Montag abgegeben werden

* * *
1. adverb
später

later on — später

later [on] the same day — im weiteren Verlauf des Tages; später am Tag

see you later — bis nachher; bis später
2. adjective
später; (more recent) neuer; jünger

at a later date — zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt; später

* * *

(than) adv.

später (als) adv.

English-german dictionary > later
15 later

lat·er [ʼleɪtəʳ, Am -ɚ] adj

comp of late

1) attr ( at future time) date, time später;

the date on this copy of the will is \later than the one on your copy diese Kopie des Testaments ist später datiert als deine;

an earlier and a \later version of the same text eine ältere und eine neuere Version desselben Texts;

until a \later date auf später;

to postpone sth to a \later date/ time etw auf einen späteren Tag/Zeitpunkt verschieben;

in \later life später im Leben;

at a \later time zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt

2) pred ( less punctual) später;

she is \later than usual sie ist später dran als gewöhnlich ( fam) adv comp of late

1) ( at later time) später, anschließend;

I'll come back \later when you're not so busy ich komme später nochmals, wenn du mehr Zeit hast;

no \later than nine o'clock nicht nach neun Uhr;

\later in the month/ year später im Monat/Jahr;

to postpone sth until \later etw auf später verschieben;

see you \later!, call you \later! ( on phone)

talk to you \later bis später!;

\later on später ( fam)

what are you doing \later on this evening? was machst du heute Abend noch?

2) ( afterwards) später, danach;

the man was first seen in the supermarket and \later in the bank der Mann wurde zuerst im Supermarkt und dann in der Bank gesehen

English-German students dictionary > later
16 DAUGHTER

selyë; also yendë, yen, –iel (suffix, e.g. Uinéniel "daughter of Uinen" [UT:182]; this suffix may obsolete the earlier [TLT] ending -wen, mentioned in LT1:271). The stem YEL, from which –iel must be derived, was removed from Etym. However, the UT example just mentioned is from a later text, indicating that Tolkien restored –iel. Perhaps yeldë was restored as the independent word for "daughter" at the same time and is to be preferred to yendë, yen. Distinguish -riel in Altáriel (Galadriel), which does not mean "daughter" and becomes -riell- before an ending. –VT47:10, YŌ, YEL, 182/469

Quettaparma Quenyallo (English-Quenya) > DAUGHTER
17 antedate

antedate

tr[æntɪ'deɪt]

transitive verb

1 (predate) ser anterior a

2 (put earlier date on) poner una fechar anterior a

antedate

n.

• antedata s.f.

v.

• antedatar v.

• preceder v.

• retrotraer v.

(§pres: -traigo, -traes...) pret: -traj-•)

['æntɪ'deɪt]
VT
1) (=precede) preceder, ser anterior a

text A antedates B by 50 years — el texto A es anterior a B en 50 años

this building antedates the Norman conquest — este edificio data de antes de or es anterior a la conquista normanda

2) [+ cheque] antedatar

English-spanish dictionary > antedate
18 ALWAYS

illumë (earlier variants of the relevant text also have vora and vorë, forms Tolkien may or may not have abandoned) –VT44:9

Quettaparma Quenyallo (English-Quenya) > ALWAYS

См. также в других словарях:

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